Isaac+Newton

= Isaac Newton =

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Social, Economic, Political


 * Social || Economic || Political ||
 * Isaac Newton is born on Christmas Day, 1642, to mother Hannah Ayscough. Newton’s father, also named Isaac, had died by his birth. (Hatch) || Newton was born to a family with a large estate and, by their standards, a rather well-off, yet illiterate, father. The estate later came in handy after Newton’s mother’s death. (Silverman) || Newton was first introduced to politics when King James II started appointing Catholic heads to Parliament and the Judicial system. (O’Connor) ||
 * Having failed his first trial at managing his inherited estate, Newton was recommended by William Ayscough to continue his education. Newton promptly relocated from the Clark family to live with Stokes, who was the headmaster of the school. (O'Connor) || 1696, Newton was appointed Warden of the Mint and then Master of the Mint soon afterword, insuring his high economic status. (Hatch) || Starting in 1689, Newton was elected as a Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge, and served that position in two other years. Newton’s goal was to backtrack James II’s catholic encroachment. (Hall) ||
 * Robert Hooke constantly criticizes Newton’s discoveries, at times accusing him of stealing ideas. This eventually led to an emotional breakdown.(O'Connor)(Hatch) || When Newton’s mother died, she left a large estate that made Newton economically well-off and allowed him to continue his practices. (Silverman) || In the year 1696, hewas elected to be Warden of the Mint, serving the city of London. Later he was promoted to Master of the Mint in 1699. (Hall) ||
 * A violent exchange of letters with Jesuits led to an emotional breakdown in 1678. when his mother died a few years later he became very reclusive. (O’Connor) || Newton’s work at the Mint helped the economy in a time of coinage change, and Newton even broke up a counterfeit scheme in the process. (O’Connor) || In 1703, Newton became the President of the Royal Society, heading the world’s leading scientists until his death. ( <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; white-space: nowrap;">Gleick) ||


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In 1693, Newton suffered another breakdown. Scholars link this with depression or some other disease, although Newton blames lack of sleep. This prompted Newton to become involved in London politics, rather than Cambridge. (O’Connor) || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Newton died a wealthy man, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Most of his wealth was acquired as the Master of the Mint. (Silvermann) || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Newton ruled the Royal Society with an iron fist. As his assistant Whitson recorded, he had a fragile temper. Newton used his power to lessen the apparent influence of Leibniz on the discovery of Calculus. (O’Connor) ||

= = = Achievements = Isaac Newton made many discoveries that effect modern science. Unfortunately, their value was not recognized immediately. Of his documented discoveries, his work on the books Pricinipia and Opticks stand out the most. A collaborative effort, the development of Calculus was another important product of Newton’s.

Principia
Newton’s most important work, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, documented work and evidence for his three laws of motion. He provided the mathematical explanation for the workings of basic elements in the universe, which has earned it the title “One of the world's most important scientific treatises” (Silverman). This work influenced the scientific community by creating a strict way to prove or disprove hypotheses using means other than anecdotal evidence. Also in the book is Newton’s new strict scientific method, which added more stability to the scientific movement. (Silverman) Principia provided the mathematical basis for discoveries made by contemporaries such as Kepler. Unfortunately, the book was difficult to decipher and scholars of the time frequently dismissed the work. Also, scholars sfuch as Robert Hooke were critical of his findings, desiring to take credit for the discoveries themselves. Eventually, contemporaries, notably Leibniz and Huygens, accepted his work and adopted the theories. Newton’s theories changed the scientific community as a whole. (Hatch)

Opticks[[image:Opticks_by_Sir_Isaac_Newton.png width="139" height="303" align="right"]]
After creating the reflecting telescope, Newton presented it to the Royal Society. Their interest prompted Newton to write his work “On Color,” in which he proposed his theory that “white light is composed of colors that can be considered primary.” (Hatch) Later on, he expanded all his previous work on light to create his next great work, Opticks. He postulated that light was transmitted in tiny particles called Corpuscules. Unlike the theories of modern day, Newton didn’t believe that light was composed of sound-like waves. Instead, he theorized that light was composed of particles that were similar to matter and that can be converted through a process of alchemy. The work did not focus on the geometry of light but the nature of light and color. Also investigated is the topic of diffraction, which he called inflection. A main theme that seemed to follow Opticks was that of disbelief. Critics did not easily accept the new ideas, especially Hooke. This work was much debated and was eventually worked on to fit modern-day theories. (Hall)

Calculus
The inventor of Calculus is much disputed. As a child, Newton had been fascinated by geometry and analytics. While creating his own system of Calculus, a rival scientist had already been developing their system. Newton’s published work being more popular, and Liebniz being predating Newton, credit is commonly given to both Newton and Liebniz, although in 1715 the Royal Society had officially given credit to Newton. This new system of mathematics allowed for scientists to calculate motion and change accurately. This is commonly considered one of Newton’s greatest accomplishments, which he used to explain why a falling apple would continuously accelerate. Among other things, Newton was able to work on the expansion of infinite series and fluxions. Contemporaries struggled to follow the difficult math at first, but eventually became strongly accepting of the principle. Principles of calculus are still taught and practiced today. (Hall)(Hatch) =<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">** Timeline ** =

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=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"> Questions =

What Were Isaac Newton's two main professions?

What impact did Isaac Newton have on the scientific community? Was it positive or negative?

Evaluate the validity of the quote, "Isaac Newton was a man who relied heavily on approval of his peers."

What was Newton's most significant book?

Had Isaac Newton been alive today, what do you believe his view on his work would be?

The Next few questions require this word bank: a)16 b)Hooke c)Inattentive d)17 e)Clark f)Promising

Isaac Newton was born in the ___ th century. Newton's rivals include ___. While Newton was in school, he was noted as being ___.

<span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Courier; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1pt; text-align: center;">Works Cited Fürst, Paul. //Doktorschnabel//. 1656. //Wikimedia//. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg>.

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Gleick, James. Isaac Newton. New York: Random House, Inc., 2003. Print.

Hall, Alfred. "Isaac Newton's Life." //Microsoft Encarta//. Microsoft, 1998. Web. 7 Mar. 2011. <http://www.newton.ac.uk/newtlife.html>.

Hatch, Robert A. "Sir Isaac Newton." //Professor Robert A. Hatch: Scientific Revolution Homepage//. University of Florida, 1998. Web. 7 Mar. 2011. <http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/ufhatch/pages/ 01-courses/current-courses/08sr-newton.htm>.

"Issac Newton." //Flickr//. Yahoo! inc, 2008. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/ 27466406@N00/2883564480/>.

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; line-height: 19px;">"Isaac Newton, Sir." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; line-height: 19px;">Gale Biography In Context. Web. 2 Mar. 2011.

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Kneller, Godfrey. Sir Isaac Newton. 1702. Digitized Painting. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"><http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Isaac_Newton_1702.jpg>

"Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687; Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) Sir Isaac Newton." //Flickr//. Yahoo! inc, 2004. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/ manchesterlibraries/3114917765/>.

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Newton, Isaac. Opticks. 1718. Wikimedia. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Opticks_by_Sir_Isaac_Newton.png>.

Silverman, Jacob. "How Isaac Newton Worked." //How Stuff Works//. Discovery, inc, 16 Mar. 2009. Web. 7 Mar. 2011. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/famous-scientists/physicists/ <span style="color: black; font-family: Courier; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1pt;"> isaac-newton4.htm>.

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